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Factors Influencing Solid Waste Generation and Composition in Urban Areas of Tanzania: The Case of Dar-es-Salaam
Jonas Petro Senzige,
Yaw Nkansah-Gyeke,
Daniel Oluwole Makinde,
Karoli Nicolas Njau
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, August 2014
Pages:
172-178
Received:
6 July 2014
Accepted:
12 July 2014
Published:
30 July 2014
Abstract: Solid waste characterisation study was carried in Dar-es-Salaam to quantify the waste generation rates and composition. By studying solid waste generation trends for three socioeconomic statuses, it was found that the solid pa capita generation rate decreases with decreasing socioeconomic status. Solid waste compositions also exhibited variations due to socioeconomic status. It was also found that solid waste generation and population and GDP growth are positively correlated. Furthermore, a comparison of the results with data from previous studies and data from other urban centres in East Africa indicated that solid waste composition in Dar-es-Salaam has been changing over time. This article presents the findings and elucidates factors influencing solid waste generation and composition.
Abstract: Solid waste characterisation study was carried in Dar-es-Salaam to quantify the waste generation rates and composition. By studying solid waste generation trends for three socioeconomic statuses, it was found that the solid pa capita generation rate decreases with decreasing socioeconomic status. Solid waste compositions also exhibited variations d...
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Applying the Principles for Livable Communities
Bangsuk Jantawan,
Phongphanich Nara,
Cheng-Fa Tsai
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, August 2014
Pages:
179-184
Received:
30 June 2014
Accepted:
24 July 2014
Published:
10 August 2014
Abstract: The Baan Haad Rin (BHR) is a coastal community at the Koh Phangan Island in the Suratthani Province, and is located in a peninsular beach area on the southern tip of this island. There are two beautiful beaches, Haad Rin Nai Beach (Sunset Beach) in the west and the Haad Rin Nok Beach (Sunrise Beach) in the east. The BHR is the main place in tourism destination choice due to the famous Full Moon Party which takes place on the Sunrise Beach each month. The beautiful beach and famous party have increased many visitors since the 1980s. The BHR has grown to accommodate the new visitors and the tourism development. The environmental characteristics of the BHR have rapidly changed due to the impacts of tourism developments and natural disasters. These environmental impacts have halted the growth of tourism industry and community development. Therefore, this study focuses on the application of the principles for livable communities (PLC) to propose the guidelines for solving the environmental impacts of the BHR. The result of study also presents the summary of concept and action plans for environmental management and sustainable development.
Abstract: The Baan Haad Rin (BHR) is a coastal community at the Koh Phangan Island in the Suratthani Province, and is located in a peninsular beach area on the southern tip of this island. There are two beautiful beaches, Haad Rin Nai Beach (Sunset Beach) in the west and the Haad Rin Nok Beach (Sunrise Beach) in the east. The BHR is the main place in tourism...
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Chemical and Mineralogical Evidence for Solubility and Mobility of Lead from Lead Mine-Affected Soils to Aqueous Environments
Bappah Adamu Umar,
Haruna Adamu
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, August 2014
Pages:
185-197
Received:
4 August 2014
Accepted:
13 August 2014
Published:
20 August 2014
Abstract: The mobility of Pb binding in mine-affected soils to aqueous environments was studied using a combination of chemical and mineralogical methods. Leaching test was supplemented by mineralogical investigation of both soil samples and Pb mineral fractions using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The level of Pb determined by ICP-MS showed maximum concentration of 2.550 ppm and 3225 mg/kg Pb, which is far higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) and Soil Guidelines Value (SGV) for water and soil, respectively. Thus, the leachability of Pb in the area established. Concomitantly, the potential release of Pb into the environment was further revealed by SEM XRD for mineralogical analysis of Pb forms and soil components. The results showed that Anglesite among the five lead-bearing phases observed was the most abundant pool of soil Pb and most soluble fraction. Thus, the geochemical partitioning, potential mobility and bioavailability of soil-associated Pb are established, which perhaps accounted for the transportation of Pb to nearby river water. However, XRD showed high proportion of quartz (81%), aluminosilicates (14%) and traces of feldspars, of which aluminosilicates perhaps cause the retention of some forms of Pb in the area.
Abstract: The mobility of Pb binding in mine-affected soils to aqueous environments was studied using a combination of chemical and mineralogical methods. Leaching test was supplemented by mineralogical investigation of both soil samples and Pb mineral fractions using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The level of Pb de...
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Assessment of Mobility and Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge from Swaziland through Speciation Analysis
Amos O. Fadiran,
Ababu T. Tiruneh,
Joseph S. Mtshali
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, August 2014
Pages:
198-208
Received:
21 August 2014
Accepted:
30 August 2014
Published:
20 September 2014
Abstract: Speciation analysis of heavy metals in sewage sludge provides a better understanding of the extent of mobility and bioavailability of the different metal fractions and helps in more informed decision making on application of sludge for agricultural purposes. Assessment of bioavailability of metals based on regulations expressed in terms of total metals alone may be conservative and restrictive from the point of view of the use of sludge for agricultural applications. Total metals may also be poor indicators of uptake by plants. Sewage sludge samples generated from seven wastewater treatment plants in Swaziland were analyzed for the four fractions of metals species, namely, exchangeable, reducible, oxidizable and residual fractions. The experimental results indicated that arsenic was predominantly associated with the residual matrix. Chromium was dominantly found in the residual fraction followed by oxidizable fraction. Lead and copper were predominantly associated with oxidizable fraction (bound to organic matter). For more polluted effluents such as Matsapha waste water treatment plant, some metals such as nickel were also found significantly in the mobile fraction. By contrast zinc and to a certain extent nickel were present in significant proportions in the more mobile (exchangeable) fraction. The experimental result indicated that the percentage immobility ranges from 10% to 70% with respect to the residual solid fraction of the metals which should be considered as an additional safety factor in the assessment of the suitability of the sludge for agricultural uses with respect to heavy metals.
Abstract: Speciation analysis of heavy metals in sewage sludge provides a better understanding of the extent of mobility and bioavailability of the different metal fractions and helps in more informed decision making on application of sludge for agricultural purposes. Assessment of bioavailability of metals based on regulations expressed in terms of total me...
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